Caitasika

Geistige Faktoren (Sanskrit: Caitasika; Pali: Cetasika; Tib-Wylie: Sems byung) werden im buddhistischen Abhidhamma erläutert. Sie sind Aspekte des Geistes, die die Qualität eines Objekts erfassen und die Fähigkeit besitzen, den Geist zu färben und zu verblenden. Der Haupt-Geist(Sanskrit: citta) ist wie ein Bildschirm in einem Kino, und die mentalen Faktoren sind wie die Bilder, die auf den Bildschirm projiziert werden.

Im Abhidhamma werden die mentalen Faktoren, Zustände, Ereignisse und die Begleiterscheinungen des Bewusstseins als Formationen (Sanskrit: saṅkhāra) gleichzeitig mit dem Geist (Sanskrit: Citta) in Verbindung gebracht. Dank der Vielzahl der Schulen des Abhidhamma variieren die Faktoren.

Lama Geshe Tashi Tsering erläuterte : The Tibetan for mental factors, semlay jungwa chö (Skt. chaitasika dharma), means phenomena arising from the mind, suggesting that the mental factors are not primary to the mind but arise within a larger framework. A mental factor, again, is defined as the aspect of the mind that apprehends a particular quality of an object. Because it is characterized by the qualities of activity and non-neutrality, it has the ability to color the mind in dependence on the way it manifests. Hence, a feeling of desire from seeing what is conceived as a beautiful object affects the other mental factors that are present at that time, and this colors the whole mind.[4]

Traleg Rinpoche states that the main distinction between the mind and mental factors is that the mind apprehends an object as a whole, whereas mental factors apprehend an object in its particulars.[5][a] Lists of mental factors

Within Buddhism, there are many different systems of abhidharma (commonly referred to as Buddhist psychology), and each system contains its own list of the most significant mental factors.[b][c] These lists vary from system to system both in the number of mental factors listed, and in the definitions that are given for each mental factor. These lists are not considered to be exhaustive; rather they present significant categories and mental factors that are useful to study in order to understand how the mind functions.[d]

Kommentare

Einige wichtige Kommentare zu den Systemen des Abhidhamma sind :

1. Das Abhidhammattha-sangaha von Acariya Anuruddha ist ein Theravada - Kommentar, der 52 mentale Faktoren aufzählt.

1. Das Atthasālinī von Buddhaghosa ist ein Theravada - Kommentar zum Dhamma Sangani, der Erläuterungen zu 52 mentalen Faktoren beinhaltet.

1. Das Abhidharma-kosha von Vasubandhu ist ein Sarvastivada - Kommentar, der in Schulen des Mahayana studiert wird. Es zählt 46 mentale Faktoren auf.
2. Das Abhidharma-samuccaya von Asanga ist ein Yogachara - Kommentar, der in Schulen des Mahayana studiert wird. Er zählt 51 mentale Faktoren auf.

'Innerster Kern der Wissensgebiete' (mDzod-phug) ist ein Kommentar von Shenrab Miwo aus dem tibetischen Bon, der 51 faktoren aufzählt.

Sthaviravāda Sarvastivada tradition

Im Mahavibhasa and Abhidharma-kosa, 46 mental factors have been listed as below: Ten mahā-bhūmika

Die 10 mahā-bhūmika sind allen Bewusstseinstypen gemeinsam.

1. Vedanā - feeling
2. Saññā - perception
3. Cetanā - volition
4. Phassa - contact
5. Chanda - Desire (to act)
6. Paññā - wisdom
7. Sati - mindfulness
8. Manasikāra - attention
9. Adhimokkha - Decision
10. Samādhi - mental concentration. it also called Ekaggata, one-pointedness

Die 10 kuśala-mahā-bhūmikādharmāḥ begleiten die heilsamen Bewusstseine (kusala citta).

1. Sraddhā - faith
2. Vīrya - Energy
3. Hiri - shame at doing evil
4. Apatrāpya - decorum, regard for consequence
5. Alobha
6. Advesha
7. Passaddhi
8. Upekkha
9. Apramada
10. Ahimsa - not to injure anyone or anything.

Sechs kleśa-mahā-bhūmika - These six one would accompany with kleśa.

1. Moha - delusion
2. Pramāda - heedlessness, carelessness, unconcern
3. Kausīdya - laziness, slothfulness
4. Āśraddhya - lack of faith, lack of trust
5. Styāna - lethargy, gloominess
6. Auddhatya - excitement, ebullience

Theravāda Abhidharma tradition

Within the Theravāda tradition, the Abhidhammattha-sangaha enumerates the fifty-two mental factors listed below:[e]

Note that this list is not exhaustive; there are other mental factors mentioned in the Theravada teachings. This list identifies fifty-two important factors that help to understand how the mind functions. Seven universal mental factors

The seven universal mental factors (sabbacittasādhāraṇa cetasikas) are common (sādhāraṇa) to all consciousness (sabbacitta). Bhikkhu Bodhi states: "These factors perform the most rudimentary and essential cognitive functions, without which consciousness of an object would be utterly impossible."[10]

1. Phassa - contact
2. Vedanā - feeling
3. Saññā - perception
4. Cetanā - volition
5. Ekaggata - one-pointedness
6. Jīvitindriya - life faculty
7. Manasikāra - attention

Six occasional mental factors

The six occasional or particular mental factors (pakiṇṇaka cetasikas) are ethically variable mental factors found only in certain consciousnesses.[11] They are:

1. Vitakka - Application of thought
2. Vicāra - Examining
3. Adhimokkha - Decision
4. Viriya - Energy
5. Pīti - Rapture
6. Chanda - Desire (to act)

Fourteen unwholesome mental factors

The unwholesome mental factors (akusala cetasikas) accompany the unwholesome consciousnesses (akusala citta).

Bhikkhu Bodhi states:[12]

Unwholesome consciousness (akusalacitta) is consciousness accompanied by one or another of the three unwholesome roots—greed, hatred, and delusion. Such consciousness is called unwholesome because it is mentally unhealthy, morally blameworthy, and productive of painful results.

The fourteen unwholesome mental factors are:

Four universal unwholesome mental factors (akusalasādhāraṇa):

1. Moha - delusion
2. Ahirika - lack of shame
3. Anottappa - disregard for consequence
4. Uddhacca - restlessness

Three mental factors of the greed-group (lobha):

1. Lobha - greed
2. Diṭṭhi - wrong view
3. Māna - conceit

Four mental factors of the hatred-group (dosa)

1. Dosa - hatred
2. Issā - envy
3. Macchariya - miserliness
4. Kukkucca - regret

Other unwholesome mental factors

1. Thīna - sloth
2. Middha - torpor
3. Vicikicchā - doubt

Twenty-five beautiful mental factors

The beautiful mental factors (sobhana cetasikas) accompany the wholesome consciousnesses (kusala citta).

Bhikkhu Bodhi states:[12]

Wholesome consciousness (kusalacitta) is consciousness accompanied by the wholesome roots—non-greed or generosity, non-hatred or loving-kindness, and non-delusion or wisdom. Such consciousness is mentally healthy, morally blameless, and productive of pleasant results.

The twenty-five beautiful mental factors (sobhana cetasikas) are:

Nineteen universal beautiful mental factors (sobhanasādhāraṇa):

1. Saddhā - faith
2. Sati - mindfulness
3. Hiri - shame at doing evil
4. Ottappa - regard for consequence
5. Alobha - lack of greed
6. Adosa - lack of hatred
7. Tatramajjhattatā - balance, neutrality of mind
8. Kāyapassaddhi - tranquility of mental body
9. Cittapassaddhi - tranquility of consciousness
10. Kāyalahutā - lightness of mental body
11. Cittalahutā - lightness of consciousness
12. Kāyamudutā - malleability/softness of mental body
13. Cittamudutā - malleability/softness of consciousness
14. Kāyakammaññatā - wieldiness of mental body
15. Cittakammaññatā - wieldiness of consciousness
16. Kāyapāguññatā - proficiency of mental body
17. Cittapāguññatā - proficiency of consciousness
18. Kāyujukatā - straightness/rectitude of mental body
19. Cittujukatā - straightness/rectitude of consciousness

Three Abstinences (virati):

1. Sammāvācā - right speech
2. Sammākammanta - right action
3. Sammā-ājīva - right livelihood

Two Immeasurables (appamañña):

1. Karuṇā - compassion
2. Mudita - sympathetic joy

One Faculty of wisdom (paññindriya):

1. Paññā - wisdom

Mahayana Abhidharma tradition

Abhidharma studies in the Mahayana tradition are based on the Sanskrit Sarvāstivāda abhidharma system. Within this system, the Abhidharma-samuccaya identifies fifty-one mental factors: Five universal mental factors

The five universal mental factors (sarvatraga) are:

1. Sparśa - contact, contacting awareness, sense impression, touch
2. Vedanā - feeling, sensation
3. Saṃjñā - perception
4. Cetanā - volition, intention
5. Manasikara - attention

These five mental factors are referred to as universal or omnipresent because they operate in the wake of every mind situation. If any one of these factors is missing, then the experience of the object is incomplete. For example:

1. If there is no sparśa (contact), then there would be no basis for perception.
2. If there is no vedana (feeling, sensation), there is no relishing of the object.
3. If there is no saṃjñā (perception), then the specific characteristic of the object is not perceived.
4. If there is no cetanā (volition), then there is no movement towards and settling on the object.
5. If there is no manasikara (attention), then there is not holding onto the object.[13]

Five object-determining mental factors

The five object-determining mental factors (viṣayaniyata) are:

1. Chanda - desire (to act), intention, interest
2. Adhimoksha - decision, interest, firm conviction
3. Smṛti - mindfulness
4. Prajñā - wisdom
5. Samādhi - concentration

The five factors are referred to as object-determining is because these factors each grasp the specification of the object. When they are steady, there is certainty concerning each object.[14] Eleven virtuous mental factors

The eleven virtuous (kuśala) mental factors are:

1. Sraddhā - faith
2. Hrī - self-respect, conscientiousness, sense of shame
3. Apatrāpya - decorum, regard for consequence
4. Alobha - non-attachment
5. Adveṣa - non-aggression, equanimity, lack of hatred
6. Amoha - non-bewilderment
7. Vīrya - diligence, effort
8. Praśrabdhi - pliancy
9. Apramāda - conscientiousness
10. Upekṣa - equanimity
11. Ahiṃsā - nonharmfulness

Six root unwholesome factors

The six root unwholesome factors (mūlakleśa) are:

1. Raga - attachment
2. Pratigha - anger
3. Avidya - ignorance
4. Māna - pride, conceit
5. Vicikitsa - doubt
6. Dṛiṣṭi - wrong view

Twenty secondary unwholesome factors

The twenty secondary unwholesome factors (upakleśa) are:

1. Krodha - rage, fury
2. Upanāha - resentment
3. Mrakśa - concealment, slyness-concealment
4. Pradāśa - spitefulness
5. Irshya - envy, jealousy
6. Mātsarya - stinginess, avarice, miserliness
7. Māyā - pretense, deceit
8. Śāṭhya - hypocrisy, dishonesty
9. Mada - self-infatuation, mental inflation, self-satisfaction
10. Vihiṃsā - malice, hostility, cruelty, intention to harm
11. Āhrīkya - lack of shame, lack of conscience, shamelessness
12. Anapatrāpya - lack of propriety, disregard, shamelessness
13. Styāna - lethargy, gloominess
14. Auddhatya - excitement, ebullience
15. Āśraddhya - lack of faith, lack of trust
16. Kausīdya - laziness, slothfulness
17. Pramāda - heedlessness, carelessness, unconcern
18. Muṣitasmṛtitā - forgetfulness
19. Asaṃprajanya - non-alertness, inattentiveness
20. Vikṣepa - distraction, desultoriness

Four changeable mental factors

The four changeable mental factors (aniyata) are:

1. Kaukṛitya - regret, worry,
2. Middha - sleep, drowsiness
3. Vitarka - conception, selectiveness, examination
4. Vicāra - discernment, discursiveness, analysis

Literatur

• Bewusstsein - Hauptgeist - mentale_Faktoren

Weblinks

• Wiki about Mental factors in Buddhism