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* Wiki about [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)#Seven_universal_mental_factors Mental factors in Buddhism] | * Wiki about [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)#Seven_universal_mental_factors Mental factors in Buddhism] | ||
* Studybuddhism : [//studybuddhism.com/en/advanced-studies/science-of-mind/mind-mental-factors/primary-minds-and-the-51-mental-factors 51 mental factors] | * Studybuddhism : [//studybuddhism.com/en/advanced-studies/science-of-mind/mind-mental-factors/primary-minds-and-the-51-mental-factors 51 mental factors] | ||
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* Rigpawiki : [http://www.rigpawiki.org/index.php?title=Fifty-one_mental_states 51 mental states] | * Rigpawiki : [http://www.rigpawiki.org/index.php?title=Fifty-one_mental_states 51 mental states] |
Version vom 9. November 2017, 19:51 Uhr
Geistige Faktoren (Sanskrit: Caitasika; Pali: Cetasika; Tib-Wylie: Sems byung) werden im buddhistischen Abhidhamma erläutert. Sie sind Aspekte des Geistes, die die Qualität eines Objekts erfassen und die Fähigkeit besitzen, den Geist zu färben und zu verblenden. Der Haupt-Geist(Sanskrit: citta) ist wie ein Bildschirm in einem Kino, und die mentalen Faktoren sind wie die Bilder, die auf den Bildschirm projiziert werden.
Im Abhidhamma werden die mentalen Faktoren, Zustände, Ereignisse und die Begleiterscheinungen des Bewusstseins als Formationen (Sanskrit: saṅkhāra) gleichzeitig mit dem Geist (Sanskrit: Citta) in Verbindung gebracht. Dank der Vielzahl der Schulen des Abhidhamma variieren die Faktoren.
Lama Geshe Tashi Tsering erläuterte : The Tibetan for mental factors, semlay jungwa chö (Skt. chaitasika dharma), means phenomena arising from the mind, suggesting that the mental factors are not primary to the mind but arise within a larger framework. A mental factor, again, is defined as the aspect of the mind that apprehends a particular quality of an object. Because it is characterized by the qualities of activity and non-neutrality, it has the ability to color the mind in dependence on the way it manifests. Hence, a feeling of desire from seeing what is conceived as a beautiful object affects the other mental factors that are present at that time, and this colors the whole mind.[4]
Traleg Rinpoche states that the main distinction between the mind and mental factors is that the mind apprehends an object as a whole, whereas mental factors apprehend an object in its particulars.
Within Buddhism, there are many different systems of abhidharma (commonly referred to as Buddhist psychology), and each system contains its own list of the most significant mental factors.[b][c] These lists vary from system to system both in the number of mental factors listed, and in the definitions that are given for each mental factor. These lists are not considered to be exhaustive; rather they present significant categories and mental factors that are useful to study in order to understand how the mind functions.[d]
Kommentare
Einige wichtige Kommentare zu den Systemen des Abhidhamma sind :
- Das Abhidhammattha-sangaha von Acariya Anuruddha ist ein Theravada - Kommentar, der 52 mentale Faktoren aufzählt.
- Das Atthasālinī von Buddhaghosa ist ein Theravada - Kommentar zum Dhamma Sangani, der Erläuterungen zu 52 mentalen Faktoren beinhaltet.
- Das Abhidharma-kosha von Vasubandhu ist ein Sarvastivada - Kommentar, der in Schulen des Mahayana studiert wird. Es zählt 46 mentale Faktoren auf.
- Das Abhidharma-samuccaya von Asanga ist ein Yogachara - Kommentar, der in Schulen des Mahayana studiert wird. Er zählt im vierten Kapitel 51 mentale Faktoren auf.
'Innerster Kern der Wissensgebiete' (mDzod-phug) ist ein Kommentar von Shenrab Miwo aus dem tibetischen Bon, der 51 faktoren aufzählt.
Sthaviravāda Sarvastivada tradition
Im Mahavibhasa und im Abhidharma-kosa werden 46 mentale Faktoren aufgezählt : Ten mahā-bhūmika
Die 10 mahā-bhūmika sind allen Bewusstseinstypen gemeinsam.
- Vedanā - fGefühl
- Saññā - Wahrnehmung
- Cetanā - volition
- Phassa - contact
- Chanda - Desire (to act)
- Paññā - wisdom
- Sati - mindfulness
- Manasikāra - attention
- Adhimokkha - Decision
- Samādhi - mental concentration. it also called Ekaggata, one-pointedness
Die 10 kuśala-mahā-bhūmikādharmāḥ begleiten die heilsamen Bewusstseine (kusala citta).
- Sraddhā - faith
- Vīrya - Energy
- Hiri - shame at doing evil
- Apatrāpya - decorum, regard for consequence
- Alobha
- Advesha
- Passaddhi
- Upekkha
- Apramada
- Ahimsa - not to injure anyone or anything.
Sechs kleśa-mahā-bhūmika - These six one would accompany with kleśa.
- Moha - delusion
- Pramāda - heedlessness, carelessness, unconcern
- Kausīdya - laziness, slothfulness
- Āśraddhya - lack of faith, lack of trust
- Styāna - lethargy, gloominess
- Auddhatya - excitement, ebullience
Theravāda Abhidharma tradition
Within the Theravāda tradition, the Abhidhammattha-sangaha enumerates the fifty-two mental factors listed below:[e]
Note that this list is not exhaustive; there are other mental factors mentioned in the Theravada teachings. This list identifies fifty-two important factors that help to understand how the mind functions. Seven universal mental factors
The seven universal mental factors (sabbacittasādhāraṇa cetasikas) are common (sādhāraṇa) to all consciousness (sabbacitta). Bhikkhu Bodhi states: "These factors perform the most rudimentary and essential cognitive functions, without which consciousness of an object would be utterly impossible."[10]
- Phassa - contact
- Vedanā - feeling
- Saññā - perception
- Cetanā - volition
- Ekaggata - one-pointedness
- Jīvitindriya - life faculty
- Manasikāra - attention
Six occasional mental factors
The six occasional or particular mental factors (pakiṇṇaka cetasikas) are ethically variable mental factors found only in certain consciousnesses.[11] They are:
- Vitakka - Application of thought
- Vicāra - Examining
- Adhimokkha - Decision
- Viriya - Energy
- Pīti - Rapture
- Chanda - Desire (to act)
Fourteen unwholesome mental factors
The unwholesome mental factors (akusala cetasikas) accompany the unwholesome consciousnesses (akusala citta).
Bhikkhu Bodhi states:[12]
Unwholesome consciousness (akusalacitta) is consciousness accompanied by one or another of the three unwholesome roots—greed, hatred, and delusion. Such consciousness is called unwholesome because it is mentally unhealthy, morally blameworthy, and productive of painful results.
The fourteen unwholesome mental factors are:
Four universal unwholesome mental factors (akusalasādhāraṇa):
- Moha - delusion
- Ahirika - lack of shame
- Anottappa - disregard for consequence
- Uddhacca - restlessness
Three mental factors of the greed-group (lobha):
- Lobha - greed
- Diṭṭhi - wrong view
- Māna - conceit
Four mental factors of the hatred-group (dosa)
- Dosa - hatred
- Issā - envy
- Macchariya - miserliness
- Kukkucca - regret
Other unwholesome mental factors
- Thīna - sloth
- Middha - torpor
- Vicikicchā - doubt
Twenty-five beautiful mental factors
The beautiful mental factors (sobhana cetasikas) accompany the wholesome consciousnesses (kusala citta).
Bhikkhu Bodhi states:[12]
Wholesome consciousness (kusalacitta) is consciousness accompanied by the wholesome roots—non-greed or generosity, non-hatred or loving-kindness, and non-delusion or wisdom. Such consciousness is mentally healthy, morally blameless, and productive of pleasant results.
The twenty-five beautiful mental factors (sobhana cetasikas) are:
Nineteen universal beautiful mental factors (sobhanasādhāraṇa):
- Saddhā - faith
- Sati - mindfulness
- Hiri - shame at doing evil
- Ottappa - regard for consequence
- Alobha - lack of greed
- Adosa - lack of hatred
- Tatramajjhattatā - balance, neutrality of mind
- Kāyapassaddhi - tranquility of mental body
- Cittapassaddhi - tranquility of consciousness
- Kāyalahutā - lightness of mental body
- Cittalahutā - lightness of consciousness
- Kāyamudutā - malleability/softness of mental body
- Cittamudutā - malleability/softness of consciousness
- Kāyakammaññatā - wieldiness of mental body
- Cittakammaññatā - wieldiness of consciousness
- Kāyapāguññatā - proficiency of mental body
- Cittapāguññatā - proficiency of consciousness
- Kāyujukatā - straightness/rectitude of mental body
- Cittujukatā - straightness/rectitude of consciousness
Three Abstinences (virati):
- Sammāvācā - right speech
- Sammākammanta - right action
- Sammā-ājīva - right livelihood
Two Immeasurables (appamañña):
- Karuṇā - compassion
- Mudita - sympathetic joy
One Faculty of wisdom (paññindriya):
- Paññā - wisdom
Mahayana Abhidharma tradition
Abhidharma studies in the Mahayana tradition are based on the Sarvāstivāda abhidharma system. Within this system, the Abhidharma-samuccaya identifies fifty-one mental factors:
The five universal mental factors (sarvatraga) are:
- Sparśa - contact, contacting awareness, sense impression, touch
- Vedanā - feeling, sensation
- Saṃjñā - perception
- Cetanā - volition, intention
- Manasikara - attention
These five mental factors are referred to as universal or omnipresent because they operate in the wake of every mind situation. If any one of these factors is missing, then the experience of the object is incomplete. For example:
- If there is no sparśa (contact), then there would be no basis for perception.
- If there is no vedana (feeling, sensation), there is no relishing of the object.
- If there is no saṃjñā (perception), then the specific characteristic of the object is not perceived.
- If there is no cetanā (volition), then there is no movement towards and settling on the object.
- If there is no manasikara (attention), then there is not holding onto the object.[13]
Five object-determining mental factors
The five object-determining mental factors (viṣayaniyata) are:
- Chanda - desire (to act), intention, interest
- Adhimoksha - decision, interest, firm conviction
- Smṛti - mindfulness
- Prajñā - wisdom
- Samādhi - concentration
The five factors are referred to as object-determining is because these factors each grasp the specification of the object. When they are steady, there is certainty concerning each object.[14] Eleven virtuous mental factors
The eleven virtuous (kuśala) mental factors are:
- Sraddhā - faith
- Hrī - self-respect, conscientiousness, sense of shame
- Apatrāpya - decorum, regard for consequence
- Alobha - non-attachment
- Adveṣa - non-aggression, equanimity, lack of hatred
- Amoha - non-bewilderment
- Vīrya - diligence, effort
- Praśrabdhi - pliancy
- Apramāda - conscientiousness
- Upekṣa - equanimity
- Ahiṃsā - nonharmfulness
Six root unwholesome factors
The six root unwholesome factors (mūlakleśa) are:
- Raga - attachment
- Pratigha - anger
- Avidya - ignorance
- Māna - pride, conceit
- Vicikitsa - doubt
- Dṛiṣṭi - wrong view
Twenty secondary unwholesome factors
The twenty secondary unwholesome factors (upakleśa) are:
- Krodha - rage, fury
- Upanāha - resentment
- Mrakśa - concealment, slyness-concealment
- Pradāśa - spitefulness
- Irshya - envy, jealousy
- Mātsarya - stinginess, avarice, miserliness
- Māyā - pretense, deceit
- Śāṭhya - hypocrisy, dishonesty
- Mada - self-infatuation, mental inflation, self-satisfaction
- Vihiṃsā - malice, hostility, cruelty, intention to harm
- Āhrīkya - lack of shame, lack of conscience, shamelessness
- Anapatrāpya - lack of propriety, disregard, shamelessness
- Styāna - lethargy, gloominess
- Auddhatya - excitement, ebullience
- Āśraddhya - lack of faith, lack of trust
- Kausīdya - laziness, slothfulness
- Pramāda - heedlessness, carelessness, unconcern
- Muṣitasmṛtitā - forgetfulness
- Asaṃprajanya - non-alertness, inattentiveness
- Vikṣepa - distraction, desultoriness
Four changeable mental factors
The four changeable mental factors (aniyata) are:
- Kaukṛitya - regret, worry,
- Middha - sleep, drowsiness
- Vitarka - conception, selectiveness, examination
- Vicāra - discernment, discursiveness, analysis
Literatur
- Bewusstsein - Hauptgeist - mentale Faktoren
- Herbert V. Guenther & Leslie S. Kawamura, Mind in Buddhist Psychology: A Translation of Ye-shes rgyal-mtshan's "The Necklace of Clear Understanding", (Dharma Publishing, 1975)
Referenzen
Weblinks
- Wiki about Mental factors in Buddhism
- Studybuddhism : 51 mental factors
- Studybuddhism : Mentale Faktoren und Karma
- Rigpawiki : 51 mental states